André J. Fabre Janvier 2016
Depuis plus de quatre siècles le théâtre de William Shakespeare[1] [2] fascine par la profondeur et l'acuité de ses portraits psychologiques. Il est réputé pour sa maîtrise des formes poétiques et littéraires, ainsi que sa capacité à représenter les aspects de la nature humaine.
Cependant il n'a pas été assez relevé l'importance des observations faites par Shakespeare en médecine : à d'innombrables passages de ses œuvres, apparait la connaissance étendue qu'avais de la médecine de son époque le Grand Barde de Stratford en Avon.
Voici une liste de chapitres analysés :
abcès, furoncles et fistules |
Even two thousand men and twenty-thousand ducats are just the beginning of what it will cost to settle this pointless matter. This is what happens when countries have too much money and peace. This quarrel is like an abscess that grows inside someone until it bursts and kills them, and no one knows why. (to the Captain) Thank you very much for the information, sir. (Hamlet, Acte IV, scene 4) Bertram. What is it, my good lord, the king languishes of? Bertram. I heard not of it before. (All is well that ends well 1,131) |
accouchement |
He plough'd her, and she cropp'd. ~ Antony and Cleopatra (Act II, scene 2) |
alcoolisme |
Bien que Shakespeare n'utilisa jamais le mot "alcoolisme", il est clair que certains de ses personnages en présentent les symptômes de la maladie :. Bardolph, par exemple, a un nez rouge en forme de bulbe provoqué par son goût pour la malvoisie, un vin de Madère. De meme, Falstaff adore boire un certain vin blanc sec, et va jusqu'à en recommander la dépendance à elle dans le passage de la prose qui suit: "If I had a thousand sons, the first human principle I would teach them should be to forswear thin potations and to addict themselves to sack."(Act IV, Scène 2) |
amaigrissement |
Dans Richard II, l'allusion à l'"amaigrissement" se situe dans un dialogue entre le roi Richard et John of Gaunt qui fait un jeu de mots sur son proper nom O how that name befits my composition! Old Gaunt indeed, and gaunt in being old: Within me grief hath kept a tedious fast; And who abstains from meat that is not gaunt? 760 For sleeping England long time have I watch'd; Watching breeds leanness, leanness is all gaunt: The pleasure that some fathers feed upon, Is my strict fast; I mean, my children's looks; And therein fasting, hast thou made me gaunt: 765 Gaunt am I for the grave, gaunt as a grave, Whose hollow womb inherits nought but bones. Richard II (Act II, Scene 1) |
anxieté |
Appréhension et d'inquiétude; nervosité. L'anxiété est une réaction normale si la cause du malaise constitue une menace de préjudice physique, l'embarras, inversion financière, etc. Il est une réaction anormale si la cause est sans danger, mais perçu comme dangereux ou si les symptômes sont exagérées hors de proportion avec la menace. Parmi les symptômes possibles sont la transpiration, pouls rapide, et le tremblement. Anxiété dépasse Macbeth après le premier meurtrier lui dit que bien Banquo est morte dans un fossé son fils Fleance a échappé. Macbeth réagit avec la réponse suivante allitératif reflétant son inquiétude "But now I am cabin'd, cribb'd, confined, bound in / .To saucy doubts and fears. But Banquo's safe?" (Macbeth 3.4.29-30) |
apnée du sommeil |
Falstaff Henry IV" n°1 et n°2, compagnon du prince Hal, le futur roi Henry V et dans "Les Joyeuses Commères de Windsor", |
asthme |
Thersites (un Grec dont le corps est deformé). Why, his masculine whore. Now, the rotten diseases of the south, the guts-griping, ruptures, catarrhs, loads o' gravel I' the back, lethargies, cold palsies, raw eyes, dirt-rotten livers, wheezing 2950 lungs, bladders full of imposthume, sciaticas, limekilns I' the palm, incurable bone-ache, and the rivelled fee-simple of the tetter, take and take again such preposterous discoveries! Troiles and Cressida (Act V, scene 1) |
blessure |
He jests at scars that never felt a wound.” Romeo and Juliet (Act II, scène 2) |
cancer |
O Agamemnon, let it not be so! We'll consecrate the steps that Ajax makes When they go from Achilles: shall the proud lord That bastes his arrogance with his own seam And never suffers matter of the world Enter his thoughts, save such as do revolve And ruminate himself, shall he be worshipp'd Of that we hold an idol more than he? No, this thrice worthy and right valiant lord Must not so stale his palm, nobly acquired; Nor, by my will, assubjugate his merit, As amply titled as Achilles is, By going to Achilles: That were to enlard his fat already pride And add more coals to Cancer when he burns With entertaining great Hyperion. This lord go to him! Jupiter forbid, And say in thunder 'Achilles go to him Troilus and Cassida II, 3 |
catarrhe respiratoire |
Catarrh Inflammation of mucous membranes, mainly those of the nose and throat, causing increased secretion of mucous. In Troilus and Cressida, Thersites curses Patroclus, saying, “Why, his masculine whore. Now, the rotten diseases of the south, the guts-griping, ruptures, catarrhs, loads o' gravel i' the back, lethargies, cold palsies, raw eyes, dirt-rotten livers, wheezing 2950 lungs, bladders full of imposthume, sciaticas, limekilns i' the palm, incurable bone-ache, and the rivelled fee-simple of the tetter, take and take again such preposterous discoveries! " Troilus and Cassida (5.1.18). |
céphalées |
Arthur rappelled à Hubert le temps où il le reconfortait sur ses maux de tête : Arthur. Have you the heart? When your head did but ache, I knit my handercher about your brows, The best I had, a princess wrought it me, 1625 And I did never ask it you again; And with my hand at midnight held your head, And like the watchful minutes to the hour, Still and anon cheer'd up the heavy time, Saying, 'What lack you?' and 'Where lies your grief?' 1630 Or 'What good love may I perform for you?' Many a poor man's son would have lien still And ne'er have spoke a loving word to you; But you at your sick service had a prince. Nay, you may think my love was crafty love 1635 And call it cunning: do, an if you will: If heaven be pleased that you must use me ill, Why then you must. Will you put out mine eyes? These eyes that never did nor never shall So much as frown on you.1640 The life and death of King John (Act I, scene I) |
cheveux |
Gertrude décrit Hamlet quand il parle à son père Alas, how is ’t with you, That you do bend your eye on vacancy And with th' incorporal air do hold discourse? Forth at your eyes your spirits wildly peep, And, as the sleeping soldiers in th' alarm, Your bedded hair, like life in excrements, Starts up and stands on end. O gentle son, Upon the heat and flame of thy distemper Sprinkle cool patience. Whereon do you look? " Hamlet III, scene 4 |
cheville |
. My lord, as I was sewing in my closet, Lord Hamlet, with his doublet all unbrac'd, 1035 No hat upon his head, his stockings foul'd, Ungart'red, and down-gyved to his ankle; Pale as his shirt, his knees knocking each other, And with a look so piteous in purport As if he had been loosed out of hell 1040 To speak of horrors- he comes before me. (Hamlet, Acte II, scene 1) |
coeur |
Mine eye and heart are at a mortal war How to divide the conquest of thy sight; Mine eye my heart thy picture's sight would bar, My heart mine eye the freedom of that right. My heart doth plead that thou in him dost lie -- A closet never pierced with crystal eyes -- But the defendant doth that plea deny And says in him thy fair appearance lies. To 'cide this title is impanneled A quest of thoughts, all tenants to the heart, And by their verdict is determined The clear eye's moiety and the dear heart's part: As thus; mine eye's due is thy outward part, And my heart's right thy inward love of heart. (Sonnet 46) Have you the heart? When your head did but ache Life and death of King John, Act IV, scene 1 |
Convulsion |
Go charge my goblins that they grind their joints With dry convulsions, shorten up their sinews With aged cramps, and more pinch-spotted make them Than pard or cat o' mountain. |
convulsion epilepsie comitialmité |
And when the fit was on him, I did mark How he did shake. 'Tis true, this god did shake! His coward lips did from their color fly, And that same eye whose bend doth awe the world Did lose his luster. I did hear him groan, Ay, and that tongue of his that bade the Romans Mark him and write his speeches in their books— Cassius. But soft, I pray you. What, did Caesar swound? Casca. He fell down in the market place and foamed at mouth and was speechless. Brutus. 'Tis very like. He hath the falling sickness. (Julius Caesar, Act I, scene 2) |
cou |
He takes her up, and declines his head upon her neck. (Hamlet, III, scene 2) |
cyphose |
Richard III est presenté, bien qu'iI n'y ait aucune prevue dans les texts historiques comme un boosu : “cheated of feature by dissembling nature / Deformed, unfinished, sent before my time into this breathing world” (Richard III 1.1.21-22).. |
démence |
Dérangement mental; Folie; incapacité à penser rationnellement ou responsable. Maladies dans lesquelles la folie peut se développer comme un symptôme de la maladie comprennent la maladie d'Alzheimer, la démence, la sénilité, la psychose, la schizophrénie, et la paranoïa. Insanity ou ce qui semble être la folie-joue un rôle important dans beaucoup de pièces de Shakespeare, notamment Hamlet, le Roi Lear, Macbeth. Dans Hamlet, une question clé tout au long du jeu est de savoir si Hamlet est vraiment fou ou simplement faire semblant d'être-ou, comme dit Hamlet dans l'Acte I, scène V, mettre sur une «disposition antique : . " And therefore as a stranger give it welcome. There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy. But come, Here, as before, never, so help you mercy, How strange or odd soe'er I bear myself (As I perchance hereafter shall think meet To put an antic disposition on),
Dans Le Roi Lear, les anciennes pièces de roi ce semblent être des symptômes de démence, sénilité, et peut-être la maladie d'Alzheimer, mais il est pas si loin de nous qu'il ne peut pas voir la folie de ses moyens. Dans Macbeth, rongeant la culpabilité entraîne Lady Macbeth fou, lui causant de somnambulisme et à plusieurs reprises se laver les mains pour les purifier de sa culpabilité. |
démence senile, Alzheimer |
La perte de mémoire à court terme, l'irritabilité et la confusion sont parmi les symptômes de la maladie. La maladie d'Alzheimer et la maladie de Pick sont des variétés spécifiques de l'affliction. Bien que les symptômes de la maladie de Pick sont semblables à ceux de la maladie d'Alzheimer, la première se produit généralement à l'âge mûr. Le Roi Lear, dans la pièce de Shakespeare du même nom, souffre de toute évidence d'une forme de démence. Son comportement et Raving explosions erratiques témoignent de sa dépression mentale. Cependant, parce qu'il perd jamais complètement contact avec la réalité, il est capable de reconnaître ses lacunes avant que les extrémités de jeu.. |
dent |
The sixth age shifts 1055 Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon, With spectacles on nose and pouch on side, His youthful hose, well sav'd, a world too wide For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice, Turning again toward childish treble, pipes 1060 And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all, That ends this strange eventful history, Is second childishness and mere oblivion; Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans every thing. As you like it Act II scene 7 |
depression |
. Hamlet et e Roi Lear sont des cas typiques de depression down, thou climbing sorrow, Thy element’s below . (King Lear, Acte II, sc. 4). |
doigt |
Look, how this ring encompasseth finger; Even so thy breast encloseth my poor heart. Wear both of them, for both of them are thine. And if thy poor devoted servant may But beg one favor at thy gracious hand, Thou dost confirm his happiness forever (Richard III, Acte I, scene 2 |
douleurs, algies diverses |
: "To-night that shalt have cramps / Side-stitches that shall pen they breath up” (The tempest 1.2.389-390). Voir aussi le poeme The Rape of Lucrece: "The aged man that coffers-up his gold / Is plagued with cramps and gouts and painful fits" (855-866). |
dyspepsie |
Dans Cymbeline, Pisanio donne à Imogen un elixir pour le soulager du mal de mer. “If you are sick at sea,” he says, “Or stomach-qualm'd at land, a dram of this / Will drive away distemper" (Cymbeline 3.4.206-207). |
dyspnee |
Why, his masculine whore. Now, the rotten diseases of the south, the guts-griping, ruptures, catarrhs, loads o' gravel i' the back, lethargies, cold palsies, raw eyes, dirt-rotten livers, wheezing lungs, bladders full of imposthume, sciaticas, limekilns i' the palm, incurable bone-ache, and the rivelled fee-simple of the tetter, take and take again such preposterous discoveries! Troilus and Cassida V, 1 |
enuresie |
Une allusion à l'enuresie est dans in All’s Well That Ends Well when Parolles recites this prose passage: "For he will be swine-drunk; and in his sleep he does little harm, save to his bed-clothes about him; but they know his conditions and lay him in straw" All’s Well That Ends Well (4.3.109). |
epaule |
Dromio of Ephesus. I have some marks of yours upon my pate, Some of my mistress' marks upon my shoulders, (The Comedy of errors, ActI, scene 32 |
expectoration |
Shall we clap into't roundly, without hawking, or spitting, or saying we are hoarse, which are the only prologues to a bad voice? |
fièvre |
As dim and meagre as an ague's fit.” (King John, III, 4.87-90) Shakespeare refere à la fievre dans six de ses pièces et à "ague in nine plays. Caesar tells Caius Ligarius, “Caesar was ne’er so much your enemy as that same ague which hath made you lean” (Julius Caesar, 2.2.24-25). |
fistule |
. In All’s Well That Ends Well, The King of France suffers from a fistula and Helena cures it using potions developed by her father before he died. Bertram : What is it, my good lord, the king languishes of? All’s Well That Ends Well, |
foie |
Yes, one; and in this manner. He was to imagine me his love, his mistress; and I set him every day to woo me; at which time would I, being but a moonish youth, grieve, be effeminate, changeable, longing and liking, proud, fantastical, apish, shallow, inconstant, full of tears, full of smiles; for every passion something and for no passion truly anything, as boys and women are for the most part cattle of this colour; would now like him, now loathe him; then entertain him, then forswear him; now weep for him, then spit at him; that I drave my suitor from his mad humour of love to a living humour of madness; which was, to forswear the full stream of the world and to live in a nook merely monastic. And thus I cur'd him; and this way will I take upon me to wash your liver as clean as a sound sheep's heart, that there shall not be one spot of love in 't. As you like it III, 2 |
fracture |
Marry, do I, sir, and I came to acquaint you with a matter. I am given, sir, secretly to understand that your younger brother Orlando hath a disposition to come in disguised against me to try a fall. Tomorrow, sir, I wrestle for my credit, and he that escapes me without some broken limb shall acquit him well. Your brother is but young and tender, and, for your love I would be loath to foil him, as I must for my own honor if he come in. Therefore, out of my love to you, I came hither to acquaint you withal, that either you might stay him from his intendment or brook such disgrace well as he shall run into, in that it is a thing of his own search and altogether against my will. (As you like it, Act I, scene 1) |
frisson |
Hadst thou been aught but gossamer, feathers, air, So many fathom down precipitating, Thou'dst shiver'd like an egg: but thou dost breathe; Hast heavy substance; bleed'st not; speak'st; art sound. Ten masts at each make not the altitude Which thou hast perpendicularly fell: (King Lear Act IV, scene 6) |
furoncle |
Blain Painful skin swelling or sore. In a soliloquy in Timon of Athens, Timon curses all Athenians, wishing that "itches, blains, / Sow all the Athenian bosoms" (Timon of Athens, 4.1.30-31). . In Coriolanus, Martius (Coriolanus) curses enemies, saying, Who sensibly outdares his senseless sword, And, when it bows, stands up. Thou art left, Marcius: A carbuncle entire, as big as thou art, Were not so rich a jewel. Thou wast a soldier Even to Cato's wish, not fierce and terrible Only in strokes; but, with thy grim looks and The thunder-like percussion of thy sounds, Thou madst thine enemies shake, as if the world Were feverous and did tremble. The tragedy of Coriolanus, Act I, scene 1 In King Lear, the old king rebukes one of his evil daughters, calling her “a boil, a plague-sore, an embossed carbuncle” (King Lear2.4.228-229). |
gémellité, jumeau |
Marina thus the brothel 'scapes, and chances Into an honest house, our story says. She sings like one immortal, and she dances As goddess-like to her admired lays; Deep clerks she dumbs; and with her needle composes Nature's own shape, of bud, bird, branch, or berry, That even her art sisters the natural roses; Her inkle, silk, twin with the rubied cherry: That pupils lacks she none of noble race, Who pour their bounty on her; and her gain She gives the cursed bawd. Here we her place; And to her father turn our thoughts again, Where we left him, on the sea. We there him lost; Whence, driven before the winds, he is arrived Here where his daughter dwells; and on this coast Suppose him now at anchor. The city strived God Neptune's annual feast to keep: from whence Lysimachus our Tyrian ship espies, His banners sable, trimm'd with rich expense; And to him in his barge with fervor hies. In your supposing once more put your sight Of heavy Pericles; think this his bark: Where what is done in action, more, if might, Shall be discover'd; please you, sit and hark Perciles IV 0 On our side like the token'd pestilence, Where death is sure. Yon ribaudred nag of Egypt,— Whom leprosy o'ertake!—i' the midst o' the fight, When vantage like a pair of twins appear'd, Both as the same, or rather ours the elder, The breese upon her, like a cow in June, Hoists sails and flies. Antoine et Cleopatre III 10
Letter for letter, but that the name of Page and Ford differs! To thy great comfort in this mystery of ill opinions, here's the twin-brother of thy letter: but let thine inherit first; for, I protest, mine never shall. I warrant he hath a thousand of these letters, writ with blank space for different names—sure, more,—and these are of the second edition: he will print them, out of doubt; for he cares not what he puts into the press, when he would put us two. I had rather be a giantess, and lie under Mount Pelion. Well, I will find you twenty lascivious turtles ere one chaste man The merry wives of Windsor Act II 1 This cardinal, Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly Was fashion'd to much honour from his cradle. He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one; Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading: Lofty and sour to them that loved him not; But to those men that sought him sweet as summer. And though he were unsatisfied in getting, Which was a sin, yet in bestowing, madam, He was most princely: ever witness for him Those twins Of learning that he raised in you, Ipswich and Oxford! one of which fell with him, Unwilling to outlive the good that did it; The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous, So excellent in art, and still so rising, That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue. His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him; For then, and not till then, he felt himself, And found the blessedness of being little: And, to add greater honours to his age Than man could give him, he died fearing God. Henri VIII IV 2 |
genou |
Here on my knee, before high heaven and you, That before you, and next unto high heaven, I love your son. My friends were poor, but honest; so's my love: Be not offended; for it hurts not him That he is loved of me: I follow him not By any token of presumptuous suit; Nor would I have him till I do deserve him; Yet never know how that desert should be. I know I love in vain, strive against hope; Yet in this captious and intenible sieve I still pour in the waters of my love And lack not to lose still: thus, Indian-like, Religious in mine error, I adore The sun, that looks upon his worshipper, But knows of him no more. My dearest madam, Let not your hate encounter with my love For loving where you do: but if yourself, Whose aged honour cites a virtuous youth, Did ever in so true a flame of liking Wish chastely and love dearly, that your Dian Was both herself and love: O, then, give pity To her, whose state is such that cannot choose But lend and give where she is sure to lose; That seeks not to find that her search implies All is well tht ends well IK, 3 |
genou |
Then, I confess, Here on my knee, before high heaven and you, That before you, and next unto high heaven, I love your son. My friends were poor, but honest; so's my love: Be not offended; for it hurts not him That he is loved of me: I follow him not By any token of presumptuous suit; Nor would I have him till I do deserve him; Yet never know how that desert should be. I know I love in vain, strive against hope; Yet in this captious and intenible sieve I still pour in the waters of my love And lack not to lose still: thus, Indian-like, Religious in mine error, I adore The sun, that looks upon his worshipper, But knows of him no more. My dearest madam, Let not your hate encounter with my love For loving where you do: but if yourself, Whose aged honour cites a virtuous youth, Did ever in so true a flame of liking Wish chastely and love dearly, that your Dian Was both herself and love: O, then, give pity To her, whose state is such that cannot choose But lend and give where she is sure to lose; That seeks not to find that her search implies, But riddle-like lives sweetly where she dies! All is well that ends well I, 3 All which time Before the gods my knee shall bow my prayers To them for you. Antony and Cleopatra II, 3
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gibbosité, bossu |
Richard III Queen margaret. Poor painted queen, vain flourish of my fortune! Why strew'st thou sugar on that bottled spider Whose deadly web ensnareth thee about?. Anne. Never hung poison on a fouler toad. Scene 2. London. Another street Enter corpse of KING HENRY THE SIXTH, with halberds to guard it; LADY ANNE being the mourner, attended by TRESSEL and BERKELEY ANNE. Set down, set down your honourable load- If honour may be shrouded in a hearse; Whilst I awhile obsequiously lament Th' untimely fall of virtuous Lancaster. Poor key-cold figure of a holy king! Pale ashes of the house of Lancaster! Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood! Be it lawful that I invocate thy ghost To hear the lamentations of poor Anne, Wife to thy Edward, to thy slaughtered son, Stabb'd by the self-same hand that made these wounds. Lo, in these windows that let forth thy life I pour the helpless balm of my poor eyes. O, cursed be the hand that made these holes! Cursed the heart that had the heart to do it! Cursed the blood that let this blood from hence! More direful hap betide that hated wretch That makes us wretched by the death of thee Than I can wish to adders, spiders, toads, Or any creeping venom'd thing that lives! The life and death of Richard III Act I, Scene 2 |
goitre |
GONZALO Faith, sir, you need not fear. When we were boys, Who would believe that there were mountaineers Dewlapped like bulls, whose throats had hanging at 'em Wallets of flesh, or that there were such men Whose heads stood in their breasts?—which now we find Each putter-out of five for one will bring us Good warrant of The tempest Act III, scene 3 |
goutte |
With a priest that lacks Latin and a rich man that hath not the gout; for the one sleeps easily because he cannot study, and the other lives merrily because he feels no pain; the one lacking the burden of lean and wasteful learning, the other knowing no burden of heavy tedious penury. These Time ambles withal. As You Like It, (III, 2) Voir aussi Cymbeline, Henry IV Part II, Measure for Measure, and The Two Noble Kinsmen. |
grossesse
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Helen All is well that ends well |
hallucinations |
Macbeth also hallucinates when he sees the ghost of Banquo, who occupies Macbeth’s seat at a table during a banquet. In Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, the ghost of the murdered king appears to Hamlet. But is it really a ghost or merely a hallucination? Shakespeare suggests the ghost really appears while presenting evidence indicating the contrary. |
hanche |
The Merchant of Venice V I.3 43 [Shylock to himself, of Antonio] If I can catch him once upon the hip, / I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him [Gratiano to Shylock] Now, infidel, I have you on the hip! [Iago alone] I'll have our Michael Cassio on the hip
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hernie |
Why, his masculine whore. Now, the rotten diseases of the south, the guts-griping, ruptures, catarrhs, loads o' gravel i' the back, lethargies, cold palsies, raw eyes, dirt-rotten livers, wheezing lungs, bladders full of imposthume, sciaticas, limekilns i' the palm, incurable bone-ache, and the rivelled fee-simple of the tetter, take and take again such preposterous discoveries Troilus and Cassida V, 1 |
herpes |
Tetter Skin disease characterized by eruptions, itching, and sometimes itchy scales. Eczema, herpes, and impetigo are forms of it. In Troilus and Cressida, Thersites curses Patroclus, wishing a tetter upon him. |
hysterie |
Hysteria Condition characterized by anxiety, excessive display of emotion (crying, weeping or laughing, for example), or symptoms of organ malfunction or breakdown (such as deafness and blindness) even though there is no physical cause to explain the symptoms. In Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Ophelia—“divided from herself" (4.5.54), as Claudius observes, over the death of her father and the departure of Hamlet—exhibits symptoms of hysteria when she sings songs and distributes herbs and flowers. |
idiocie, retard mental, stupiditét |
Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Macbeth V, 5 |
impuissance |
Impotence Inability of a male to engage in sexual intercourse. In Macbeth, a porter alludes to impotence when he tells Macduff that “drink” (alcoholic beverages) “provokes the desire, but it takes away the performance” Macbeth (2.3.9). |
incontinence |
Incontinence, Urinary Inability to prevent the discharge of urine. Pregnancy, an enlarged prostate gland, nerve disorders, injury, lack of exercise, muscle weakness in the elderly, and spinal disease are among the causes. Shakespeare alludes to the condition in The Merchant of Venice when Shylock says sneezing or blowing the nose (“when the bagpipe sings”) can cause a urine discharge in some men (The Merchant of Venice 4.1.53). |
insomnie |
Insomnia: Chronic inability to sleep. In Macbeth, the First Witch promises in to inflict insomnia on a sailor, saying, "Sleep shall neither night nor day / Hang upon his pent-house lid" (1.3.21.22). After murdering King Duncan, Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth, Macbeth “Strange things I have in my head,” she replies, “You lack the season of all natures, sleep” (3.4.167) Methought I heard a voice cry 'Sleep no more. |
intestin |
This man shall set me packing. I’ll lug the guts into the neighbor room. Mother, good night. Indeed this counselor Is now most still, most secret, and most grave Who was in life a foolish prating knave.— Hamlet Act III Scene 4 Nothing but to show you how a king may go a progress through the guts of a beggar Hamlet Act IV scene 3
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kyste sebacé |
Wen Benign tumor on the skin; sebaceous cyst. In Henry IV Part II, Prince Hal refers to Falstaff as a wen. |
lèpre |
Mildly infectious bacterial disease of the skin, nerves, cartilage, bone and other body parts. Skin lesions, edema, eye inflammation (keratitis or iritis), and nerve impairment are among the symptoms. Queen Margaret refers to the disease in Henry VI Part II: I am no loathsome leper; look on me. (3.2.79-81) Antony and Cleopatra and Timon of Athens |
maigreur |
Richard II What comfort, man? how is't with aged Gaunt? John Of Gaunt O how that name befits my composition! Old Gaunt indeed, and gaunt in being old: And who abstains from meat that is not gaunt? Watching breeds leanness, leanness is all gaunt Richard II. (2.1.75-81) |
mal des transports |
Nausea, sometimes accompanied by vomiting, caused by the rocking and pitching of a boat or ship. The illness is sometimes referred to by its French name, mal de mer. In Cymbeline, Pisanio gives Imogen a drug which he believes is an elixir to ward off illness. “If you are sick at sea,” he says, “Or stomach-qualm'd at land, a dram of this / Will drive away distemper" Cymberline (3.4.205-207). |
maladie |
Our remedies oft in ourselves do lie, Which we ascribe to heaven: the fated sky Gives us free scope, only doth backward pull Our slow designs when we ourselves are dull. What power is it which mounts my love so high, That makes me see, and cannot feed mine eye? The mightiest space in fortune nature brings To join like likes and kiss like native things. Impossible be strange attempts to those That weigh their pains in sense and do suppose What hath been cannot be: who ever strove So show her merit, that did miss her love? The king's disease—my project may deceive me, But my intents are fix'd and will not leave me. All is well that ends well (1, 1, 331)
O Antony! I have follow'd thee to this; but we do lance Diseases in our bodies: I must perforce Have shown to thee such a declining day, Or look on thine; we could not stall together In the whole world: but yet let me lament, With tears as sovereign as the blood of hearts, That thou, my brother, my competitor In top of all design, my mate in empire, Friend and companion in the front of war, The arm of mine own body, and the heart Where mine his thoughts did kindle,—that our stars, Unreconciliable, should divide Our equalness to this. Hear me, good friends— But I will tell you at some meeter season: [Enter an Egyptian] The business of this man looks out of him; We'll hear him what he says. Whence are you? Antoine et Cleopatre (Act I, scene 1)
Most fair return of greetings and desires. Upon our first, he sent out to suppress His nephew's levies; which to him appear'd To be a preparation 'gainst the Polack, But better look'd into, he truly found It was against your Highness; whereat griev'd, That so his sickness, age, and impotence Was falsely borne in hand, sends out arrests On Fortinbras; which he, in brief, obeys, Receives rebuke from Norway, and, in fine, Makes vow before his uncle never more To give th' assay of arms against your Majesty. Whereon old Norway, overcome with joy, Gives him three thousand crowns in annual fee And his commission to employ those soldiers, So levied as before, against the Polack; With an entreaty, herein further shown, [Gives a paper.] That it might please you to give quiet pass Through your dominions for this enterprise, On such regards of safety and allowance As therein are set down Hamlet Act II, scene 2 |
mercure |
That swift as quicksilver it courses through rogue fled from me like quicksilver. (Henry IV, II.iv.224 |
monstre |
He cannot be such a monster. King Lear I, 2 |
myopie |
I would fain prove so. But what might you think, When I had seen this hot love on the wing (As I perceiv'd it, I must tell you that, Before my daughter told me), what might you, Or my dear Majesty your queen here, think, If I had play'd the desk or table book, Or given my heart a winking, mute and dumb, Or look'd upon this love with idle sight? What might you think? No, I went round to work And my young mistress thus I did bespeak: 'Lord Hamlet is a prince, out of thy star. This must not be.' And then I prescripts gave her, That she should lock herself from his resort, Admit no messengers, receive no tokens. Which done, she took the fruits of my advice, And he, repulsed, a short tale to make, Fell into a sadness, then into a fast, Thence to a watch, thence into a weakness, Thence to a lightness, and, by this declension, Into the madness wherein now he raves Hamlet (Act II, 2 |
naevus |
Patch’d with foul moles and eye-offending marks, And chase the native beauty from his cheek Life and death of King John Act III Scene 1 |
nombril |
“when the navel of the state was touched,” Coriolan III, 1, 123. |
nouveau-né |
When we are born, we cry that we are come To this great stage of fools — This' a good block: — It were a delicate strategem to shoe A troop of horse with felt: I'll put 't in proof; And when I have stol'n upon these sons-in-law, Then kill, kill, kill, kill, kill, kill! Lear, Act IV,Scene 6 |
nutrition |
Chief nourisher in life's feast. (Macbeth II, 2.46-51) |
obesité |
There is a devil that haunts thee in the likeness of an old fat man, a tun of man is thy companion. (Henry IV Part I, Henry IV Part II, Voir aussi The Merry Wives of Windsor) and Cardinal Wolsey (Henry VIII). |
odeur |
Truly, fortune's displeasure is but sluttish, if it smell so strongly as thou speakest of: I will henceforth eat no fish of fortune's buttering. Prithee, allow the wind. All is well that ends well, V, 2 |
oeil, ophtalmologie |
Our remedies oft in ourselves do lie, Which we ascribe to heaven: the fated sky Gives us free scope, only doth backward pull Our slow designs when we ourselves are dull. What power is it which mounts my love so high, That makes me see, and cannot feed mine eye? The mightiest space in fortune nature brings To join like likes and kiss like native things. Impossible be strange attempts to those That weigh their pains in sense and do suppose What hath been cannot All is well that ends well Act I, scene 1 Le mot "eyeball" est dans Shakespeare Advancing] And why, I pray you? Who might be your mother, That you insult, exult, and all at once, Over the wretched? What though you have no beauty- As, by my faith, I see no more in you Than without candle may go dark to bed- Must you be therefore proud and pitiless? Why, what means this? Why do you look on me? I see no more in you than in the ordinary Of nature's sale-work. 'Od's my little life, I think she means to tangle my eyes too! No faith, proud mistress, hope not after it; 'Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair, Your bugle eyeballs, nor your cheek of cream, That can entame my spirits to your worship. You foolish shepherd, wherefore do you follow her, As you like it III,5
To feeling as to sight? or art thou but
|
omoplate |
O, good sir, softly, good sir! I fear, sir, my shoulder-blade is out Winter's Tale IV, 3 |
ongle |
The very mould and frame of hand, nail, finger. The Winter's Tale WT II.iii.102 |
oreille |
You're shallow, madam, in great friends; for the knaves come to do that for me which I am aweary of. He that ears my land spares my team and gives me leave to in the crop; if I be his cuckold, he's my drudge: he that comforts my wife is the cherisher of my flesh and blood; he that cherishes my flesh and blood loves my flesh and blood; he that loves my flesh and blood is my friend: ergo, he that kisses my wife is my friend. If men could be contented to be what they are, there were no fear in marriage; for young Charbon the Puritan and old Poysam the Papist, howsome'er their hearts are severed in religion, their heads are both one; they may jowl horns together, like any deer i' the herd. all is well that ends well All is well that ends well, I, Brief let me be. Sleeping within my orchard, My custom always of the afternoon, Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole, With juice of cursed hebenon in a vial, And in the porches of my ears did pour The leperous distilment; whose effect Holds such an enmity with blood of man Hamlet Act I, scene 5 |
paralysie |
Lame, foolish, crooked, swart, prodigious, 48 In Troilus and Cressida, Thersites curses Patroclus, wishing “cold palsies” (5.1.18) upon him. Cripple our senators, that their limbs may halt As lamely as their manners. Troilus and Cassida(4.1.25-27) |
paranoia |
Idées délirantes de persécution ou de grandeur. La victime peut insister pour que les délires sont réels et tenter de se défendre contre des menaces perçues. (2) la suspicion déraisonnable des autres. Parmi les personnages de Shakespeare joue qui présentent des symptômes de paranoïa-raccord plupart d'entre eux la deuxième définition sont- Coriolanus, Othello, Hamlet, Macbeth, and Richard III. |
pied |
'Tis but thy name that is my enemy. Thou art thyself, though not a Montague. What’s Montague? It is nor hand, nor foot, Nor arm, nor face, nor any other part Belonging to a man. O, be some other name! What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other word would smell as sweet. So Romeo would, were he not Romeo called, Retain that dear perfection which he owes Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name, And for that name, which is no part of thee Take all myself (Romeo and Julier Act II, scene 2) |
plaie |
Madam, the care I have had to even your content, I wish might be found in the calendar of my past endeavours; for then we wound our modesty and make foul the clearness of our deservings, when of ourselves we publish them All that"s well ends well (I,3) |
poignet |
He took me by the wrist and held me hard; Then goes he to the length of all his arm, And, with his other hand thus o'er his brow, He falls to such perusal of my face As he would draw it. Long stay'd he so. At last, a little shaking of mine arm, And thrice his head thus waving up and down, He rais'd a sigh so piteous and profound As it did seem to shatter all his bulk And end his being. That done, he lets me go, And with his head over his shoulder turn'd He seem'd to find his way without his eyes, For out o' doors he went without their help And to the last bended their light on me. Hamlet II,1 |
pouce |
What an arm he has! he turned me about with his finger and his thumb, as one would set up a top. Hamlet [III, 2] |
poumons |
A fool, a fool! I met a fool i' th' forest, A motley fool. A miserable world! As I do live by food, I met a fool, Who laid him down and bask'd him in the sun, And rail'd on Lady Fortune in good terms, In good set terms- and yet a motley fool. 'Good morrow, fool,' quoth I; 'No, sir,' quoth he, 'Call me not fool till heaven hath sent me fortune.' And then he drew a dial from his poke, And, looking on it with lack-lustre eye, Says very wisely, 'It is ten o'clock; Thus we may see,' quoth he, 'how the world wags; 'Tis but an hour ago since it was nine; And after one hour more 'twill be eleven; And so, from hour to hour, we ripe and ripe, And then, from hour to hour, we rot and rot; And thereby hangs a tale.' When I did hear The motley fool thus moral on the time, My lungs began to crow like chanticleer That fools should be so deep contemplative; And I did laugh sans intermission An hour by his dial. O noble fool! A worthy fool! Motley's the only wear As you lke it (II,1) |
prurit |
Let me tell you, Cassius, you yourself Are much condemn'd to have an itching palm; To sell and mart your offices for gold To undeservers. Julius Caesar IV, 3 |
rate |
All this! ay, more: fret till your proud heart break; Go show your slaves how choleric you are, And make your bondmen tremble. Must I budge? Must I observe you? must I stand and crouch Under your testy humour? By the gods You shall digest the venom of your spleen, Though it do split you; for, from this day forth, I'll use you for my mirth, yea, for my laughter, When you are waspish Julius Caesar IV, 3 |
rhinite |
Ecoulement nasal : Dans un passage célèbre d' Othello, Othello demande à Desdemone de lui prêter son mouchoir, en disant: “I have a salt and sorry rheum offends me” Othello(3.4.49). References au rhume egalement Antony and Cleopatra, Much Ado About Nothing, Coriolanus, and King John. |
rhinophyma |
In Henry IV Part I, Falstaff alludes to rhinophyma when he tells Bardolph that his red nose resembles a lamp: "Do thou amend thy face, and I'll amend my life: thou art our admiral, thou bearest the lantern in the poop, but 'tis in the nose of thee; thou art the Knight of the Burning Lamp" (3.3.7). In Macbeth, the porter also refers to rhinophyma after Macduff asks, “What three things does drink especially provoke?” The porter answers, “ Marry, sir, nose-painting, sleep, and urine" (Falstaff, 2.3.9). |
rhumatisme |
"And youthful still! in your doublet and hose this raw rheumatic day!" The Merry Wives of Windsor, (3.1.21). "By my troth, this is the old fashion; you two never meet but you fall to some discord: you are both, i' good truth, as rheumatic as two dry toasts; you cannot one bear with another's confirmities" Henry IV Part II, (2.4.24). |
rougeole |
How! no more! As for my country I have shed my blood, Not fearing outward force, so shall my lungs Coin words till their decay against those measles, Which we disdain should tatter us, yet sought The very way to catch them Coriolanus III, 1 |
sang |
You're shallow, madam, in great friends; for the knaves come to do that for me which I am aweary of. He that ears my land spares my team and gives me leave to in the crop; if I be his cuckold, he's my drudge: he that comforts my wife is the cherisher of my flesh and blood; he that cherishes my flesh and blood loves my flesh and blood; he that loves my flesh and blood is my friend: ergo, he that kisses my wife is my friend. If men could be contented to be what they are, there were no fear in marriage; for young Charbon the Puritan and old Poysam the Papist, howsome'er their hearts are severed in religion, their heads are both one; they may jowl horns together, like any deer i' the herd All's well that ends well (I,3) |
sciatique |
Why, his masculine whore. Now, the rotten diseases of the south, the guts-griping, ruptures, catarrhs, loads o' gravel i' the back, lethargies, cold palsies, raw eyes, dirt-rotten livers, wheezing lungs, bladders full of imposthume, sciaticas, limekilns i' the palm, incurable bone-ache, and the rivelled fee-simple of the tetter, take and take again such preposterous discoveries! Troilus and Cassida V, 1
Maid, to thy master's bed; Thy mistress is o' the brothel! Son of sixteen, pluck the lined crutch from thy old limping sire, With it beat out his brains! Piety, and fear, Religion to the gods, peace, justice, truth, 1580 Domestic awe, night-rest, and neighbourhood, Instruction, manners, mysteries, and trades, Degrees, observances, customs, and laws, Decline to your confounding contraries, And let confusion live! Plagues, incident to men, 1585 Your potent and infectious fevers heap On Athens, ripe for stroke! Thou cold sciatica, Cripple our senators, that their limbs may halt As lamely as their manners. Act IV, Scene I, of Timon of Athens: |
scorbut |
Shakespeare uses scurvy almost exclusively as an adjective, as in "Thou are but a scurvy fellow" (Twelfth Night, 3.4.84). |
sein |
Peace, peace! Dost thou not see my baby at my breast, That sucks the nurse asleep? Antony and Cleopatra V, 2 |
sexualité |
Un livre entier de Gordon Williams est consacré à ce sujet : Shakespeare's Sexual Language: A Glossary (Shakespeare Students Libray, 1997) |
sommeil |
In the affliction of these terrible dreams " That shake us nightly" Macbeth Act III, scene 2 |
somnambulisme |
"Since his majesty went into the field, I have seen her rise from her bed, throw her night-gown upon her, unlock her closet, take forth paper, fold it, write upon't, read it, afterwards seal it, and again return to bed; yet all this while in a most fast sleep" … A great perturbation in nature, to receive at once the benefit of sleep, and do the line>effects of watching. In this slumbery agitation, besides her walking and other actual performances, what, at any time, have you heard her say?: Macbeth Act 5, scene 1 |
strabisme |
This is the foul fiend Flibbertigibbet. He begins at curfew, and walks till the first cock. He gives the web and the pin, squints the eye, and makes the harelip; mildews the white wheat, and hurts the poor creature of earth. Saint Withold footed thrice the 'old; He met the nightmare, and her nine fold; Bid her alight And her troth plight, And aroint thee, witch, aroint thee! King Lear III, 4 |
sueur |
You are too indulgent. Let us grant, it is not Amiss to tumble on the bed of Ptolemy; To give a kingdom for a mirth; to sit And keep the turn of tippling with a slave; To reel the streets at noon, and stand the buffet With knaves that smell of sweat: say this becomes him,— As his composure must be rare indeed Whom these things cannot blemish,—yet must Antony No way excuse his soils, when we do bear So great weight in his lightness. If he fill'd His vacancy with his voluptuousness, Full surfeits, and the dryness of his bones, Call on him for't: but to confound such time, That drums him from his sport, and speaks as loud As his own state and ours,—'tis to be chid As we rate boys, who, being mature in knowledge, Pawn their experience to their present pleasure, And so rebel to judgment. Antony and Cleopatra I, 4 |
syphilis |
Le mot "pox", est utilisé fréquemment dans Shakespeare pour désigner , attestant de la présence répandue de la maladie dans l'Angleterre élisabéthaine. En fait, il s'agity souvent d'une maledictio :, For this description of thine honesty? A pox upon him for me, he's more and more a cat. All’s Well That Ends Well (4.3.111).
Reste le mot "pox" pour designer la variole . |
teigne |
Le mot "Serpigo" désigne le plus souvent la "teigne" For thine own bowels, which do call thee sire, The mere effusion of thy proper loins, Do curse the gout, serpigo, and the rheum, For ending thee no sooner. Thou hast nor youth nor age, Troilus and Cressida (II, 3). |
Trouibles compulsive/ obsessionnels |
Trouble obsessionnel-compulsif où le malade souffre continuellement des pensées indésirables, par exemple, qu'il ou elle aura un accident ou d'un acte stupide dans certaines actions publiques ou cesse de répéter. Peut-être le plus célèbre personnage obsessionnel-compulsif dans l'ensemble de la littérature est Lady Macbeth, la femme du personnage principal dans Macbeth. Impossible de bannir ses sentiments obsessionnels de culpabilité, elle se lave à plusieurs reprises ses mains pour se purifier de culpabilité dans le assassiner du roi Duncan. Troubles mentaux psychopathie caractérisé par un comportement social et moral pour lequel la victime ne présente pas de honte ou de remords. Ainsi, Richard III. "I am determined to prove a villain And hate the idle pleasures of these days.," dit Richard dans le soliloque qui ouvre le jeu (1.1.32). Jusqu'à la fin, il est impénitent de ses mauvaises actions |
tumeur, cancer |
Pas de reference pour "tumor", carcinoma", mais "lump" est cité dans Henri VII Hence, heap of wrath, foul indigested lump, As crooked in thy manners as thy shape! (Henry VII, V, 1) |
uterus |
Let me speak: I have been consul, and can show for Rome Her enemies' marks upon me. I do love My country's good with a respect more tender, More holy and profound, than mine own life, My dear wife's estimate, her womb's increase, And treasure of my loins; then if I would Speak that,— Coriolanus, III, 3 |
vomissement |
It cannot be i' the eye, for apes and monkeys 'Twixt two such shes would chatter this way and Contemn with mows the other; nor i' the judgment, For idiots in this case of favour would Be wisely definite; nor i' the appetite; Sluttery to such neat excellence opposed Should make desire vomit emptiness, Not so allured to feed Cymberline I, 6
, deeper sin than bottomless conceit Can comprehend in still imagination! Drunken Desire must vomit his receipt, Ere he can see his own abomination. While Lust is in his pride, no exclamation Can curb his heat or rein his rash desire, Till like a jade Self-will himself doth tire Rape of Lucrece (Poemes, 785) |
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